ken_sylvania wrote: ↑Sun Dec 10, 2023 11:05 pm
Ken wrote: ↑Sun Dec 10, 2023 1:50 pm
I'm not an expert in genetics either. I teach it at the HS level in both regular and AP bio classes but that is just briefly scratching the surface of the subject. However since all living organisms on the planet have the same DNA, just in different combinations and chromosomes, one could theoretically take the DNA of any organism and edit/rewrite it enough to produce any other organism. Just like you could take the same exact 26 letters and assorted punctuation marks found in any book in the English language and with enough editing and re-writing turn it into any other book in the English language. You could take the letters in the Bible and rearrange them to form James Joyce Ulysses or the Lord of the Rings or any other work in the English language. So yes, organisms can, in fact, vary infinitely
Of course, what would be a lot harder to do, would be to take the letters from Lord of the Rings and, with only random copy-style mistakes, have them proceed through a series of iterations in which the work is changed significantly all the way until it eventually becomes the Bible. With the whole thing making enough sense throughout the entire process for it to be considered high quality literature - which is basically what evolutionary theory claims to have happened in developing complex species from simple ancestors.
No, that's not at all what the theory of evolution claims to have happened.
There is no direction or master plan in evolution. There are simply some traits that confer greater fitness and others that confer lessor fitness and evolution suggests that those traits that confer greater fitness will be selected for over time.
So if, for example, there were millions of copies of Lord of the Rings and they replicated themselves every year but only 1 in 100 survived to reproduce. And there were random changes each generation (mutations) that improved or hindered the survival chances of each Lord of the Ring offspring. Say a mutation that turned one book red, or another waterproof, or a third into a bigger copy than the rest. One would expect that those traits that increased survival and reproduction would become more common and those that disadvantaged that copy would disappear over time.
Repeat for 10,000 generations and your original copy of Lord of the Rings will look tremendously different from the copy 10,000 generations later. Just like if you played the telephone game around a circle for 10,000 different cycles, the final message would be unrecognizable from the original one.
If there are about 30 mutations in each individual in each generation and you have a breeding population in the millions that is tens of millions of possible mutations to select from for advantageous and disadvantageous traits for every generation of that population. Multiply that by say 10,000 generations and you can generate a lot of change. Alternatively for some species that are well adapted you might see very little change over long periods of time such as is the case with horseshoe crabs or jellyfish.
Evolution doesn't mean you are going to create a Bible or any other specific book. There is no plan. No beginning and end. It just means that if there are evolutionary pressures then the final result could be dramatically different from what you started with.