Constantine, Religion, and Power
Posted: Sun Jul 13, 2025 8:40 am
I started a thread on Rome, Religion, and Power. Here, I would like to continue the thread up through the Mennonites and Anabaptists.
When Christianity became the official religion of the empire under Constantine, a lot of the old Roman way of thinking about power and religion came right back in through the back door. The church moved from being a persecuted minority to having the power of the state behind it. Over time, that alliance between church and empire led to forced conversions, state-backed violence, and persecution of anyone who disagreed.
You can even see this mixture in Constantine’s coins. On one side, you have the image of Sol Invictus—the Unconquered Sun God—still claiming divine favor from the old Roman religion. On the other side, the words “In this sign conquer,” tying the Christian cross to imperial conquest. If you asked the question Jesus asked his disciples, “Whose image is on this coin?” the answer was: it depends which side you look at. That tension never really went away.
Over the centuries, the same mindset led to persecution of groups like the Mennonites and other Anabaptists. The *Martyr’s Mirror* documents all kinds of verifiable abuses:
- Imprisonment and banishment for refusing to baptize infants
- Seizure of property and families driven into poverty
- Torture to force confessions or recantation
- Execution by drowning or burning
- Children taken away from their parents
Menno Simons was clear that this kind of coercion had nothing to do with the spirit of Christ. He wrote:
> “True evangelical faith cannot lie dormant; it clothes the naked, it feeds the hungry, it comforts the sorrowful... it does not force, nor overawe, nor take revenge, nor repay evil with evil.”
And Dirk Philips said:
> “Christ compels no one by force, but draws with love.”
So when the church married itself to imperial power, it started to betray its own message. The same faith that once challenged the empire’s violence became entangled in using that violence against others. Mennonites and Anabaptists emerged as a witness against that entanglement.
When Christianity became the official religion of the empire under Constantine, a lot of the old Roman way of thinking about power and religion came right back in through the back door. The church moved from being a persecuted minority to having the power of the state behind it. Over time, that alliance between church and empire led to forced conversions, state-backed violence, and persecution of anyone who disagreed.
You can even see this mixture in Constantine’s coins. On one side, you have the image of Sol Invictus—the Unconquered Sun God—still claiming divine favor from the old Roman religion. On the other side, the words “In this sign conquer,” tying the Christian cross to imperial conquest. If you asked the question Jesus asked his disciples, “Whose image is on this coin?” the answer was: it depends which side you look at. That tension never really went away.
Over the centuries, the same mindset led to persecution of groups like the Mennonites and other Anabaptists. The *Martyr’s Mirror* documents all kinds of verifiable abuses:
- Imprisonment and banishment for refusing to baptize infants
- Seizure of property and families driven into poverty
- Torture to force confessions or recantation
- Execution by drowning or burning
- Children taken away from their parents
Menno Simons was clear that this kind of coercion had nothing to do with the spirit of Christ. He wrote:
> “True evangelical faith cannot lie dormant; it clothes the naked, it feeds the hungry, it comforts the sorrowful... it does not force, nor overawe, nor take revenge, nor repay evil with evil.”
And Dirk Philips said:
> “Christ compels no one by force, but draws with love.”
So when the church married itself to imperial power, it started to betray its own message. The same faith that once challenged the empire’s violence became entangled in using that violence against others. Mennonites and Anabaptists emerged as a witness against that entanglement.